Python has grown over the years since it was first created and has changed into a new setup that makes strong, fast, and big apps. The newest Python version has brought in many safety changes, and the Python web building group is always sharing more updates.
\Developers can go so right and so wrong when it comes to adopting Python best practices. Here is a run-down of what you need to know-including how to use best practices.
Best Practices for Python Development
Follow the Python best practices for the best project outcomes and deliverables. We’ll guide you through different project structure types, Python Enhancement Proposals, coding styles, and lots more. Let’s get started:
1. Install Python applications using pipx
Pipx can be installed on Linux by homebrew or the system package manager like so, it is far superior to pip and guarantees that all of your applications will use the correct libraries with no mismatches or missing packages.
2. Use pyproject.toml file
This part presumes that the reader is acquainted with the pyOpenSci project documentation to create the pyproject.toml files. It aims at introducing developers to the new file format; pyproject.toml files centralize configuration information.
And modern tools like Poetry or Hatch that automatically provide the structure and enable developers to start with pyproject.toml files by default. Try them out.
3. Use the src layout for the project directory structure
The src layout structure is one of the most popular file layouts, preferred by many modern developers. It enables editable installs of your project packages.
4. Leverage Virtual Environments
Python virtual environments give developers dependency control in their code. They help use the correct versions of packages and libraries for software programs. Virtual environments provide a method to rerun the code and thereby make results reproducible.
Using Python virtual environments helps avoid conflicts that might happen when different projects need different packages.
5. Comment Your Code
Don’t forget to leave comments in your code and keep it simple.
It helps other developers understand the context, hence making the project more readable. Good code commentary also serves as a great memory of what one was up to. Keep your comments up to date and ensure that your comments do not say something different from what the code does. The first letter of each comment should be in capital letters, and it should otherwise be in a clear, concise, complete sentence.
You can write comments in your code using either inline comments or block comments.
6. Use Automated Testing
Automated testing will help you catch bugs early on and prevent many vulnerabilities. It saves time and avoids pitfalls down the line.
Some of the best Python automated testing tips are:
- Use pytest or nose2 as a test runner. Assert statements make up a crucial part of Python automated testing; you can check function outputs with expected results using them
- Set up integration tests in Python and run them to make sure that apps meet required specifications; you can test multiple components of apps and ensure that all parts are working properly using them
- Functional tests are excellent for analyzing application behaviors against predefined criteria. It can correct bugs that pop up when apps are deployed in different environments. PyTest and Robot Framework are the two most popular Python frameworks or test libraries that you can use as the test runner. You can also test Python user interfaces across different environments and check their responsiveness by running functional tests
- Perform end-to-end testing and test complete application flows. Check if app functions properly from start to finish and ensure that processes work as expected. You can hire Python developers from remote teams to help with this.
7. Use Black or Ruff for Code Formatting
Black is a popular code formatting tool being used by developers these days. It is run with the CI system and automatically rejects code that does not match the required project format. If you need both code formatting and quality checks, you may consider using Ruff.
8. Type Hinting and F-strings
For critical applications, consider using type hinting. Refer to PEP 484 - Type Hints and PEP 526 - Syntax for Variable Annotations for the required type hinting notation.
Format strings using f-strings instead of str.format(), % formatting, and str.Template()
Keep in mind that f-strings are a feature available only to Python version 3.6 and up. To get a complete overview of how f-strings work, refer to this guide.
9. Python DocString
You can use one-liners or multiline docstrings to document script functions, environment variables, command line syntax, and files. A complete explanation on how DocStrings work and their use cases can be found in the PEP 257 - DocStrings Conventions guide.
10. The Zen of Python
The Zen of Python consists of a collection of 20 poetic lines that describe how to write clean, concise, and quality code. It is considered to be the Bible of Python code style.
Types of Python Enhancement Proposal
The Python Enhancement Proposal is a set of standards laid down for writing clean, high-quality, and well-structured code. Developers need the PEP 8 style guide to improve code readability, consistency, and ensure easy maintenance.
The three main types of Python Enhancement Proposal are:
- Standards Track PEP - The Standards Track PEP describes interoperability standards and features that will be supported outside standard libraries for current Python versions.
- Informational PEP - Informational PEP describes general guidelines and does not propose any new features. Developers can choose to use it or ignore it as per their convenience.
- Process PEP - Process PEP outlines process implementations and changes to Python codebases. However, it requires community consensus and is more than conventional informational PEPs. Examples include making changes to tools, environments, and decision-making processes within and outside the Python ecosystem. A meta-PEP also falls under the classification of Process PEP.
Python Project Structure Practices
Modular programming, handy for divying up large Python projects into smaller, easy tasks, also ensures teamwork flows well, cuts down on repeating work, and makes code ready to use again by sticking to the best ways of building a Python project. It keeps possible namespace mix-ups at bay since names can be set for every module.
Here's a list of some of the best practices for structuring your Python project:
1. Use Consistent Naming Conventions
A good naming convention uses underscores for variables and functions, and classes begin with capital letters. Instance variable names should be in lowercase and not too wordy or difficult to recall.
The CapWords naming convention scheme best applies to the definition of class names in Python. All global variables are to be in lowercase, words joined by underscores. Non-public instance variables should use a single underscore.
All methods of the class will take 'self' as their first parameter, except for class methods, which will take 'cls' as the first parameter
2. Organize Your Code
Make separate folders for different parts of your project. An example of this is creating a folder for the code, one for testing, one for project documentation, and so on. A good folder structure will make it convenient to troubleshoot issues; it makes locating files easier for other developers during code navigation.
3. Use Version Control & a Package Manager
Besides all, Git is a great and most popular version control system that will remind you of code changes, plus give you actionable recommendations. Developers may always back up their work to cloud repositories because most of the cloud-based Git solutions have a free tier for individual users.
Pip is fantastic at package management in large projects, where you have quite a lot of dependencies, because it keeps track of all pieces of software involved in a project that are needed to run it.
4. Python Code Standard and Best Practices
- According to the PEP 8 style guide, each line should be no longer than 79 characters
- Top-level functions and class definitions should be surrounded by 2 blank lines
- Linters should be used to perform static analysis and autoformatters for restructuring code spacing, arguments, line length, positioning, spacing, etc.
- Use the logging module for Python logging and log timestamps and line numbers.
- Use RotatingFileHandler classes like TimedRotatingFileHandler to compress, archive, and delete old log files
Conclusion
Following these Python coding best practices will keep you on the right path and avoid any delays in the project. It enhances productivity, boosts team performance, and enhances the readability of the code. You will know how to double and triple-check your coding and never leave room for error in the process of coding. It will make developing new projects much easier and effective.
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